1[The Detail] The fishhooks in charter schools | The deal with charter schools Former charter schools are expressing caution about David Seymour's revival plans. A return to charter schools is again a leap into the unknown, with educational institutions wanting to see the details of the new legislation before they change back. By the time term one starts next year up to 35 state schools will be open as charter schools, six years after the model was abolished the first time around. They have just six months to get ready for the change but even the old charter schools haven't decided whether they'll make the switch back. "We're at the point that we'll wait and see what comes out in the legislation," says Karen van Gemerden, chief executive of Villa Education Trust which runs South Auckland Middle School and Middle School West Auckland for years seven to 10. "I think it's very likely to be a very positive thing but until the details are announced I think it would be hard for anyone to say straight out that they're going to convert when they don't actually know what the model looks like." Villa was among the first to be granted charter school status for its schools under the previous National government but changed to a designated character school under Labour. Van Gemerden welcomes the revival of the charter schools but says Villa is working well as a special designated character school. "Switching to be a designated character school did give us more availability to some of the ministry resources for some support of the students etc that we weren't entitled to as a charter school," she says. It was no surprise when the Associate Education Minister and ACT leader David Seymour last week announced charter schools' reinstatement, after promising to revive them during last year's election campaign. The Government will allocate NZ$153 million from the 2024 Budget to convert 35 state schools into charter schools next year and create 15 new charter schools between 2025 and 2026. Most of that money will be spent on the 15 new schools over the next four years, RNZ education correspondent John Gerritsen tells The Detail. Called partnership schools or kura hourua, the model horrifies the critics who say there's no evidence that they are public money well spent. Supporters say they give schools autonomy and flexibility to educate students who are failing in the mainstream system. Some of them have also been at the centre of some wide-ranging controversies. What's not known is which state schools will convert and what scrutiny they will face, Gerritsen says. "There's a whole lot of potential fishhooks that worry some people," he says. Reports from the Ministry of Education after they were abolished by Labour in 2018 highlight the lack of independent scrutiny of the schools and the success rates of the students, while teacher unions and principals are against the profit-taking model of charter schools by the privately-run sponsors or trusts. "It is contested who they are really serving," Gerritsen says. As for the argument that they are an alternative to mainstream education that fails some students, Gerritsen says it "depends on how alternative they're being and are they really catering for the kids who are missing out or are they simply getting the best students of the surrounding schools?" He explains how charter schools are privately owned with the "sponsor" such as a charitable trust receiving government funding, hence their label 'publicly funded private schools'. They receive the same public money per child - about $10,000 - as state schools but they have a lot more freedom with the money and unlike private schools they are not allowed to charge fees. They can set their own curriculum, hours of attendance, how much they pay teachers and they can recruit non-teachers. The funding model is similar to the bulk funding formula in the 1990s that was taken up by hundreds of state schools, Gerritsen says. "The big question is are these schools actually attracting students who struggled elsewhere and getting better performance for them, or are they just taking kids who actually would have done really well at a state school? "This is why these schools need very close scrutiny to make sure that we are getting something innovative, something successful rather than working the system." Seymour says the schools will face scrutiny but not immediately. He also says schools are already showing interest in the charter model, with a board of education and business leaders appointed to work on the details. Karen van Gemerden of Villa Education Trust says the criticism is unreasonable given the schools had run for a maximum of five years before the model was scrapped. She concedes there were no independent assessments, but the schools had to report to the ministry every term. "There was data about how students were doing but it was a very small period of time because you need longitudinal data to really be able to assess that properly. We still had ERO (the Education Review Office) coming through, so there was a lot of assessment." She says negative publicity hasn't stopped parents enrolling their children. "At South Auckland we take in 45 students each year and the wait list is roughly 80 or 90 students who want to come." She says the smaller class sizes of 15 pupils is a big attraction. "We have differentiated days, so they have a very academic morning and then an activity-based afternoon. So it's a different model and parents look at that and they like the smaller class sizes, they like the philosophy of the school, the way that we teach and the outcome of the students." The head of Whangārei's Te Kāpehu Whetū, Raewyn Tipene, also says her board hasn't decided whether it will revert to a charter school. "Until we really see the detail in the policy we won't be able to make a decision," she says. Her school also switched to a designated character school in 2018. Tipene says Te Kāpehu Whetū had high academic success and attendance rates until the change, and she has returned as principal to rebuild the school and its roll after student numbers plummeted from 500 to 140. She says the charter formula gave her school the freedom to work closely with the 28th Māori Battalion and form a military academy for the boys. Students have been in Italy to mark the 80th anniversary of the Battle at Monte Cassino. "The history of the 28th is a way of linking them back to themselves and to the people and men who fought for us and it's been really, really, really successful," she says. Tipene says the mainstream system does not work because of the heavy load of red tape that is not relevant to her school. "Everything's about mediocrity and ticking boxes and making sure the ministry is satisfied with whatever they want and you lose track of the children, you lose track of the kaupapa and chasing excellence. It just starts to dissipate. "As a charter school we were very very tied to achieving and when that changed and we went back to people who thought education's about doing your nine to three, teaching whatever is required of the day and not thinking about the kids...that's when things started to, I think, go downhill," she says. *You won't hear Karen van Gemerden in the podcast, as we only got hold of her after recording the episode. [Thursday 23 May 2024, 05:00]

2[Our Changing World] How much of our extreme weather is due to climate change? This week, Phil Vine dives into the science of climate attribution. How much is climate change affecting extreme weather events? And how can this new science prepare us for the future? For a long time when asked this question, climate scientists simply shook their heads. They had been telling people that global warming was making many storms, floods, and weather events worse – but when asked: “by how much?” – they didn’t have an answer. Then one day Oxford University physics professor, Myles Allen, experienced one of those extreme weather events. As the River Thames flooded and threatened to pour water through his kitchen door, on the radio the Met Office was saying it was impossible to accurately link the event with climate change. He said to himself: “we need to do better than that”. Famously, rather than search out sandbags to keep the floodwaters at bay, he sat down and wrote a journal article – making that connection between global warming and specific weather events. And a branch of science was born: extreme event attribution studies, or climate attribution for short. In Aotearoa, there’s a whole gang of scientists from different institutions carrying out world-leading research in this new field. 2023: the year of storms Few in the upper North Island will forget the beginning of 2023. The Auckland Anniversary Floods arrived at the end of January. Four people dead. Seven thousand homes damaged. Less than two weeks later came Cyclone Gabrielle. Eleven people killed. A staggering 850,000 landslides. After Cyclone Gabrielle, Dr Luke Harrington from the University of Waikato and an international team from the World Weather Attribution project worked round the clock on rainfall data and climate models. They were endeavouring to find out if, and how, climate change had affected the devastating tropical cyclone. And they broke with scientific tradition. Rather than wait and publish a paper in a year’s time, they sought to get a report out while Cyclone Gabrielle was still in the news. "If it's 12 to 18 months after the event happened, the public doesn't really care,” says Luke. The project team worked out that 10–15 per cent more rain fell because of global warming. “It demonstrates that climate change isn't a future problem. It is not something that you are going to see play out in 50 years' time, it's already playing out now,” Luke says. The cost of climate damage Alongside climate scientists, economists such as Dr Ilon Noy from Victoria University of Wellington are adding dollar values to the additional weather damage caused by climate change – another new field called impact studies. “I think it's very important to measure that so that we can manage it better. We can assess what we need to do,” says Ilon. He, Luke, and other colleagues, prepared a report for the New Zealand Treasury figuring out the cost of weather damage from global warming – a world first. Over ten years climate change was responsible for NZ$720 million worth of drought and NZ$120 million in flood damage. How much do I owe? More recently Ilon and others have figured out how much extreme weather damage has been caused by climate change, worldwide. The total comes to US$140 billion a year. That’s US$16 million of climate damage every hour. Dr Daithi Stone from NIWA says work is also being done on a system to analyse an individual’s greenhouse gas emissions and establish how much damage they are responsible for. “The world works in dollars. If we translate that into dollars in your pocket, that is a translation, that helps contextualise climate,” he says. So, will all of this interesting new data improve the way we deal with this existential threat? Dr Lauren Vinnell, lecturer of emergency management at Massey University, warns, "If you're giving people that kind of information, you really need to also tell them what they can do about it. We don't want to just make people feel guilty, because then they will disengage.” Pointing the finger Professor Myles Allen, the founding father of climate attribution, also cautions against apportioning individual blame: “pointing fingers at people who have very little agency, blaming them for things they don't feel they could avoid doing, I think is very unhelpful." He says climate change is overwhelmingly caused by four products: coal, oil, gas, and cement. Those products are made and sold by fewer than 100 companies. “So that's where we need to focus the conversation.” Listen to the audio to find out what climate attribution might mean for the insurance on your home and how this new science is helping weather victims take large companies to court. [Thursday 23 May 2024, 05:00]